一.Linux常用命令(I Linux common commands)

1. ls　　list：列出文件和目录

（1）常用参数：-l：long 列出文件的详细信息　　-a：all 列出全部文件，包括隐藏文件

2. cd　　change directory：切换目录

（1）用法：

cd /home # 切换/进入home目录

cd . 　　# 进入当前目录（其实啥都不做）

cd .. 　　# 进入上一级目录（父目录）

cd ../..     # 到父目录的父目录

（2）. ：当前目录　　.. ：上一级目录

3.cp　　copy：复制

（1）参数：

-i：interactive mode：互动模式。若有同名文件，会询问是否覆盖（如果没这个参数，会不提示，直接覆盖）-r：recursive copy：递归复制。复制文件夹时连同子文件（夹）一起复制，如果是对文件夹进行操作，一定要带这个参数

（2）用法：

cp -ir sourceDir/ home/targetDir/ 　　# 把当前路径下的sourceDir文件夹复制到home目录下，取名为targetDir，且带参数-i和-r  ***

4.mv　　move：移动。即剪切文件。原文件会被删除

（1）参数：

-i：互动模式，若覆盖则会询问

（2）用法：

mv -i sourceFile /home/targetFile　　 # 把当前目录下的sourceFile剪切到/home目录下并命名为targetFile

5.rm　　remove：删除

（1）参数：

-i：互动模式，同上

-r：递归删除，同上

（2）用法：

rm Dir/（错误示例，会报错）

rm -r Dir/（正确，对文件夹操作，一定要带-r）

6.mkdir　　make directory：创建文件夹

（1）用法：mkdir newDir/ 　　# 在当前路径创建一个空文件夹newDir/

7.rmdir　　remove directory：删除文件夹

（1）用法：rmdir oldDir/ 　　# 在当前路径删除oldDir文件夹及其子文件（夹）

8.chown　　change owner：更改所有者

（1）参数：-R：同-r，同上

（2）用法：chown user -R myDir/ 　　# 把文件夹myDir的所有者改成user

9.chmod　　change mode：更改文件的权限模式

文件权限模式针对三类对象：当前用户user（这里也是文件的所有者），组group，其他用户other。（属主，属组，其他用户）文件权限有 读：read，写：write，执行：execute

（1）参数：

chmod参数：u: user，权限对象为当前用户（这里是所有者）g：group，权限对象为所有者和组o：other，权限对象为其他用户r：read = 4，读权限w：write = 2，写权限e：execute = 1，执行权限+：u/g/o与r/w/e组合使用，加入-：删除=：设置

4：读　　2：写　　1：执行4：仅读5：仅读+执行6：仅读+写7：读+写+执行

（1）用法：

chmod 754 myDir/ 　　# 当前用户（所有者）可读+写+执行，组group可读+执行，其他用户可读

chmod g+w myDir/ 　　# 为组group添加写write权限

10. find　　查找

（1）参数：

-name：根据文件名查找-mtime n：n为数字，表示找出在n天前的当天被更改过的文件（0表示今天）-mtime +n：查找在n天前（不包括n天当天）被改过的文件-mtime -n：查找在n天之内（包括n天当天）被改过的文件-size +/-：查找比XXsize大/小的文件

（2）用法：

find /home -name myFile　　 # 在/home目录下查找文件名为myFile的文件（注：myFile也可以搭配正则表达式使用）find /home -name *.txt 　　    # 在/home目录下查找以txt为后缀的文件find /home -mtime 0 　　　   # 在/home目录下查找今天内被改过的文件find /home -mtime +1 　　    # 在/home目录下查找昨天之前（不包括昨天）被改过的文件find /home -mtime -1 　　     # 在/home目录下查找昨天至今（即昨天和今天）被改过的文件find /home -size +100M　　 # 在/home目录下查找大于100MB的文件，注意c表示byte

11. |　　管道　　将前一个命令的输出结果像管道一样传递给后一个命令作为输入

（1）用法：

ls | find -name myFile 　　# 列出当前路径的文件（夹）并查找名字为“myFile”的，打印出来

12. grep　　按行查找并匹配

（1）参数：

-R：递归查找所有子文件（夹）

-i：insensitive search，忽略大小写

-l：显示文件名称，而非匹配到的行的内容

-v：反向选择，显示出没有匹配到的行的内容

（2）用法：

grep -i mystring file.txt 　　# 忽略大小写，在file.txt中查找并打印出有“mystring”的行

ls -l | grep -i mystring 　　# 在ls -l的输出中把有“mystring”的行打印出来（忽略大小写）

13. tar：打包，压缩，解压

（1）参数：

-jcv：压缩

-jxv：解压

（2）用法：

tar -jcv myDir/　　 # 压缩myDir文件夹

tar -jxv DownloadDir.tar.gz myDir/ 　　# 解压DownloadDir.tar.gz到当前文件夹下，并命令为myDir

14.cat　　打印文件内容

（1）用法：

cat myFile 　　# 显示myFile

15.ps　　process select：查看进程

（1）参数：

-A：显示所有进程-a：不与terminal有关的所有进程-u：有效用户的相关进程-x：一般与-a一起用，列出完整的进程信息-l：long，详细列出PID的信息

（2）用法：

ps Aux 　　# 查看系统所有的进程数据

ps ax

16. kill　　杀死进程

（1）参数：

-SIGHUP：启动被终止的进程-SIGINT：相当于ctrl+c，中断进程-SIGKILL：强制中断进程-SIGTERM：以正常的结束进程方式来终止进程-SIGSTOP：相当于ctrl+z，暂停进程

（2）用法：

kill -SIGKILL 10876 　　# 强制中断PID=10876的进程（PID可以通过ps查到，有时可以加上| grep进行筛选）

17.passwd　　修改密码

（1）用法：

passwd # 修改当前用户的密码

18. pwd　　print work directory：显示工作目录

（1）用法：pwd

19. tee 　　显示并保存。显示内容并将内容保存在文件中

（1）用法：

python3.6 test.py | tee result.log　　 # 运行test.py文件，显示编译与运行结果并保存成result.log文件

20.reboot　　重启

（1）用法：

reboot # 输完立马重启（记得保存文件）

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1. LS list: lists files and directories

(1) Common parameters: – L: long list file details – A: all list all files, including hidden files

2. CD change directory: switch directories

(1) Usage:

CD / home # switch / enter home directory

cd . # enter the current directory (actually do nothing)

cd .. # enter the upper level directory (parent directory)

cd ../.. # to the parent directory of the parent directory

（2）. ： Current directory..: Upper level directory

3. CP copy: copy

(1) Parameters:

-i: Interactive mode: interactive mode. If there is a file with the same name, you will be asked whether to overwrite it (if there is no such parameter, you will not be prompted to overwrite it directly) – R: recursive copy: recursive copy. When copying a folder, it is copied together with sub files (folders). If you are operating on a folder, you must take this parameter

(2) Usage:

cp -ir sourceDir/ home/targetDir/ # copy the sourcedir folder under the current path to the home directory, named targetdir, with the parameters – I and – R***

4. MV move: move. That is, cut the file. The original file will be deleted

(1) Parameters:

-i: Interactive mode, if it is overwritten, it will ask

(2) Usage:

mv -i sourceFile /home/targetFile　　 # Cut the Sourcefile in the current directory to the / home directory and name it targetfile

5. RM remove: delete

(1) Parameters:

-i: Interactive mode, ibid

-r: Recursive deletion, ditto

(2) Usage:

RM dir / (error example, error will be reported)

RM – R dir / (correct, for folder operations, be sure to bring – R)

6. MKDIR make Directory: create a folder

(1) Usage: MKDIR newdir / # create an empty folder newdir in the current path/

7. Rmdir remove Directory: deletes a folder

(1) Usage: rmdir olddir / # delete the olddir folder and its sub files (folders) in the current path

8. Chown change owner: change owner

(1) Parameter: – R: same as – R, ditto

(2) Usage: chown user – R mydir / # change the owner of the folder mydir to user

9. Chmod change mode: change the permission mode of the file

The file permission mode is for three types of objects: the current user (also the owner of the file here), the group, and other users. (primary, group, other users) the file permissions are read: read, write: write, execute: execute

(1) Parameters:

Chmod parameters: u: user, the permission object is the current user (here is the owner) g: group, the permission object is the owner and group O: other, the permission object is other users R: read = 4, read permission W: write = 2, write permission e: execute = 1, execution permission +: U / g / O combined with R / w / E, add -: delete =: Set

4: Read 2: write 1: execute 4: read only 5: read only + execute 6: read only + Write 7: read + Write + execute

(1) Usage:

Chmod 754 mydir / # current user (owner) can read + Write + execute, group can read + execute, and other users can read

CHMOD G + W mydir / # add write permission for group

10. Find

(1) Parameters:

-Name: search according to the file name – Mtime n: n is a number, which means to find the file changed on the day n days ago (0 means today) – Mtime + N: search for the file changed n days ago (excluding the day n) – Mtime – N: search for the file changed within n days (including the day n) – Size + / – search for the file larger / smaller than xxsize

(2) Usage:

find /home -name myFile　　 # Find the file named myfile in the / home directory (Note: myfile can also be used with regular expressions) find / home – name * txt 　　    # Find the file with txt suffix in the / Home Directory Find / home – Mtime 0 # find the file changed today in the / Home Directory Find / home – Mtime + 1 　　    # Find the file changed before yesterday (excluding yesterday) in the / Home Directory Find / home – Mtime – 1 　　     # Find the modified files from yesterday to now (i.e. yesterday and today) in the / Home Directory Find / home – Size + 100m # Find files larger than 100MB in the / home directory. Note that C represents byte

11. | the pipeline passes the output result of the previous command to the latter command as input like a pipeline

(1) Usage:

Ls | find – name myfile # list the files (folders) in the current path, find the one named “myfile” and print it out

12. Grep find and match by line

(1) Parameters:

-R: Recursively find all sub files (folders)

-i: Insensitive search, ignoring case

-l: Displays the file name instead of the contents of the matched line

-v: Reverse selection to display the contents of rows that do not match

(2) Usage:

grep -i mystring file. Txt # ignore case, in file Txt and print out the line with “mystring”

LS – L | grep – I mystring # print the line with “mystring” in the output of LS – L (case is ignored)

13. Tar: package, compress and decompress

(1) Parameters:

-JCV: compression

-Jxv: unzip

(2) Usage:

Tar – JCV mydir / # compress mydir folder

tar -jxv DownloadDir. tar. GZ mydir / # unzip downloaddir tar. GZ to the current folder and the command is mydir

14. Cat print file content

(1) Usage:

cat myFile 　　# 显示myFile

15. PS process select: view the process

(1) Parameters:

-A: Display all processes – A: all processes not related to terminal – U: related processes of valid users – X: generally used with – A, list complete process information – L: long, and list PID information in detail

(2) Usage:

PS aux # view all process data of the system

ps ax

16. Kill the process

(1) Parameters:

-SIGHUP: start the terminated process – SIGINT: equivalent to Ctrl + C, interrupt process – sigkill: force interrupt process – SIGTERM: terminate the process in the normal way of ending the process – sigstop: equivalent to Ctrl + Z, pause the process

(2) Usage:

Kill – sigkill 10876 # forcibly interrupt the process with PID = 10876 (PID can be found through PS, and sometimes | grep can be added for filtering)

17. Passwd change password

(1) Usage:

Passwd # modifies the password of the current user

18. PWD print work directory: displays the working directory

(1) Usage: PWD

19. Tee} display and save. Displays the content and saves it in a file

(1) Usage:

python3. 6 test. py | tee result. Log # run test Py file to display the compilation and running results and save them as result Log file

20. Reboot restart

(1) Usage:

Reboot # input and restart immediately (remember to save the file)