一.Linux常用命令(I Linux common commands)-LINUX
一.Linux常用命令(I Linux common commands)
1. ls list:列出文件和目录
(1)常用参数:-l:long 列出文件的详细信息 -a:all 列出全部文件,包括隐藏文件
2. cd change directory:切换目录
(1)用法:
cd /home # 切换/进入home目录
cd . # 进入当前目录(其实啥都不做)
cd .. # 进入上一级目录(父目录)
cd ../.. # 到父目录的父目录
(2). :当前目录 .. :上一级目录
3.cp copy:复制
(1)参数:
-i:interactive mode:互动模式。若有同名文件,会询问是否覆盖(如果没这个参数,会不提示,直接覆盖)-r:recursive copy:递归复制。复制文件夹时连同子文件(夹)一起复制,如果是对文件夹进行操作,一定要带这个参数
(2)用法:
cp -ir sourceDir/ home/targetDir/ # 把当前路径下的sourceDir文件夹复制到home目录下,取名为targetDir,且带参数-i和-r ***
4.mv move:移动。即剪切文件。原文件会被删除
(1)参数:
-i:互动模式,若覆盖则会询问
(2)用法:
mv -i sourceFile /home/targetFile # 把当前目录下的sourceFile剪切到/home目录下并命名为targetFile
5.rm remove:删除
(1)参数:
-i:互动模式,同上
-r:递归删除,同上
(2)用法:
rm Dir/(错误示例,会报错)
rm -r Dir/(正确,对文件夹操作,一定要带-r)
6.mkdir make directory:创建文件夹
(1)用法:mkdir newDir/ # 在当前路径创建一个空文件夹newDir/
7.rmdir remove directory:删除文件夹
(1)用法:rmdir oldDir/ # 在当前路径删除oldDir文件夹及其子文件(夹)
8.chown change owner:更改所有者
(1)参数:-R:同-r,同上
(2)用法:chown user -R myDir/ # 把文件夹myDir的所有者改成user
9.chmod change mode:更改文件的权限模式
文件权限模式针对三类对象:当前用户user(这里也是文件的所有者),组group,其他用户other。(属主,属组,其他用户)文件权限有 读:read,写:write,执行:execute
(1)参数:
chmod参数:u: user,权限对象为当前用户(这里是所有者)g:group,权限对象为所有者和组o:other,权限对象为其他用户r:read = 4,读权限w:write = 2,写权限e:execute = 1,执行权限+:u/g/o与r/w/e组合使用,加入-:删除=:设置
4:读 2:写 1:执行4:仅读5:仅读+执行6:仅读+写7:读+写+执行
(1)用法:
chmod 754 myDir/ # 当前用户(所有者)可读+写+执行,组group可读+执行,其他用户可读
chmod g+w myDir/ # 为组group添加写write权限
10. find 查找
(1)参数:
-name:根据文件名查找-mtime n:n为数字,表示找出在n天前的当天被更改过的文件(0表示今天)-mtime +n:查找在n天前(不包括n天当天)被改过的文件-mtime -n:查找在n天之内(包括n天当天)被改过的文件-size +/-:查找比XXsize大/小的文件
(2)用法:
find /home -name myFile # 在/home目录下查找文件名为myFile的文件(注:myFile也可以搭配正则表达式使用)find /home -name *.txt # 在/home目录下查找以txt为后缀的文件find /home -mtime 0 # 在/home目录下查找今天内被改过的文件find /home -mtime +1 # 在/home目录下查找昨天之前(不包括昨天)被改过的文件find /home -mtime -1 # 在/home目录下查找昨天至今(即昨天和今天)被改过的文件find /home -size +100M # 在/home目录下查找大于100MB的文件,注意c表示byte
11. | 管道 将前一个命令的输出结果像管道一样传递给后一个命令作为输入
(1)用法:
ls | find -name myFile # 列出当前路径的文件(夹)并查找名字为“myFile”的,打印出来
12. grep 按行查找并匹配
(1)参数:
-R:递归查找所有子文件(夹)
-i:insensitive search,忽略大小写
-l:显示文件名称,而非匹配到的行的内容
-v:反向选择,显示出没有匹配到的行的内容
(2)用法:
grep -i mystring file.txt # 忽略大小写,在file.txt中查找并打印出有“mystring”的行
ls -l | grep -i mystring # 在ls -l的输出中把有“mystring”的行打印出来(忽略大小写)
13. tar:打包,压缩,解压
(1)参数:
-jcv:压缩
-jxv:解压
(2)用法:
tar -jcv myDir/ # 压缩myDir文件夹
tar -jxv DownloadDir.tar.gz myDir/ # 解压DownloadDir.tar.gz到当前文件夹下,并命令为myDir
14.cat 打印文件内容
(1)用法:
cat myFile # 显示myFile
15.ps process select:查看进程
(1)参数:
-A:显示所有进程-a:不与terminal有关的所有进程-u:有效用户的相关进程-x:一般与-a一起用,列出完整的进程信息-l:long,详细列出PID的信息
(2)用法:
ps Aux # 查看系统所有的进程数据
ps ax
16. kill 杀死进程
(1)参数:
-SIGHUP:启动被终止的进程-SIGINT:相当于ctrl+c,中断进程-SIGKILL:强制中断进程-SIGTERM:以正常的结束进程方式来终止进程-SIGSTOP:相当于ctrl+z,暂停进程
(2)用法:
kill -SIGKILL 10876 # 强制中断PID=10876的进程(PID可以通过ps查到,有时可以加上| grep进行筛选)
17.passwd 修改密码
(1)用法:
passwd # 修改当前用户的密码
18. pwd print work directory:显示工作目录
(1)用法:pwd
19. tee 显示并保存。显示内容并将内容保存在文件中
(1)用法:
python3.6 test.py | tee result.log # 运行test.py文件,显示编译与运行结果并保存成result.log文件
20.reboot 重启
(1)用法:
reboot # 输完立马重启(记得保存文件)
1. LS list: lists files and directories
(1) Common parameters: – L: long list file details – A: all list all files, including hidden files
2. CD change directory: switch directories
(1) Usage:
CD / home # switch / enter home directory
cd . # enter the current directory (actually do nothing)
cd .. # enter the upper level directory (parent directory)
cd ../.. # to the parent directory of the parent directory
(2). : Current directory..: Upper level directory
3. CP copy: copy
(1) Parameters:
-i: Interactive mode: interactive mode. If there is a file with the same name, you will be asked whether to overwrite it (if there is no such parameter, you will not be prompted to overwrite it directly) – R: recursive copy: recursive copy. When copying a folder, it is copied together with sub files (folders). If you are operating on a folder, you must take this parameter
(2) Usage:
cp -ir sourceDir/ home/targetDir/ # copy the sourcedir folder under the current path to the home directory, named targetdir, with the parameters – I and – R***
4. MV move: move. That is, cut the file. The original file will be deleted
(1) Parameters:
-i: Interactive mode, if it is overwritten, it will ask
(2) Usage:
mv -i sourceFile /home/targetFile # Cut the Sourcefile in the current directory to the / home directory and name it targetfile
5. RM remove: delete
(1) Parameters:
-i: Interactive mode, ibid
-r: Recursive deletion, ditto
(2) Usage:
RM dir / (error example, error will be reported)
RM – R dir / (correct, for folder operations, be sure to bring – R)
6. MKDIR make Directory: create a folder
(1) Usage: MKDIR newdir / # create an empty folder newdir in the current path/
7. Rmdir remove Directory: deletes a folder
(1) Usage: rmdir olddir / # delete the olddir folder and its sub files (folders) in the current path
8. Chown change owner: change owner
(1) Parameter: – R: same as – R, ditto
(2) Usage: chown user – R mydir / # change the owner of the folder mydir to user
9. Chmod change mode: change the permission mode of the file
The file permission mode is for three types of objects: the current user (also the owner of the file here), the group, and other users. (primary, group, other users) the file permissions are read: read, write: write, execute: execute
(1) Parameters:
Chmod parameters: u: user, the permission object is the current user (here is the owner) g: group, the permission object is the owner and group O: other, the permission object is other users R: read = 4, read permission W: write = 2, write permission e: execute = 1, execution permission +: U / g / O combined with R / w / E, add -: delete =: Set
4: Read 2: write 1: execute 4: read only 5: read only + execute 6: read only + Write 7: read + Write + execute
(1) Usage:
Chmod 754 mydir / # current user (owner) can read + Write + execute, group can read + execute, and other users can read
CHMOD G + W mydir / # add write permission for group
10. Find
(1) Parameters:
-Name: search according to the file name – Mtime n: n is a number, which means to find the file changed on the day n days ago (0 means today) – Mtime + N: search for the file changed n days ago (excluding the day n) – Mtime – N: search for the file changed within n days (including the day n) – Size + / – search for the file larger / smaller than xxsize
(2) Usage:
find /home -name myFile # Find the file named myfile in the / home directory (Note: myfile can also be used with regular expressions) find / home – name * txt # Find the file with txt suffix in the / Home Directory Find / home – Mtime 0 # find the file changed today in the / Home Directory Find / home – Mtime + 1 # Find the file changed before yesterday (excluding yesterday) in the / Home Directory Find / home – Mtime – 1 # Find the modified files from yesterday to now (i.e. yesterday and today) in the / Home Directory Find / home – Size + 100m # Find files larger than 100MB in the / home directory. Note that C represents byte
11. | the pipeline passes the output result of the previous command to the latter command as input like a pipeline
(1) Usage:
Ls | find – name myfile # list the files (folders) in the current path, find the one named “myfile” and print it out
12. Grep find and match by line
(1) Parameters:
-R: Recursively find all sub files (folders)
-i: Insensitive search, ignoring case
-l: Displays the file name instead of the contents of the matched line
-v: Reverse selection to display the contents of rows that do not match
(2) Usage:
grep -i mystring file. Txt # ignore case, in file Txt and print out the line with “mystring”
LS – L | grep – I mystring # print the line with “mystring” in the output of LS – L (case is ignored)
13. Tar: package, compress and decompress
(1) Parameters:
-JCV: compression
-Jxv: unzip
(2) Usage:
Tar – JCV mydir / # compress mydir folder
tar -jxv DownloadDir. tar. GZ mydir / # unzip downloaddir tar. GZ to the current folder and the command is mydir
14. Cat print file content
(1) Usage:
cat myFile # 显示myFile
15. PS process select: view the process
(1) Parameters:
-A: Display all processes – A: all processes not related to terminal – U: related processes of valid users – X: generally used with – A, list complete process information – L: long, and list PID information in detail
(2) Usage:
PS aux # view all process data of the system
ps ax
16. Kill the process
(1) Parameters:
-SIGHUP: start the terminated process – SIGINT: equivalent to Ctrl + C, interrupt process – sigkill: force interrupt process – SIGTERM: terminate the process in the normal way of ending the process – sigstop: equivalent to Ctrl + Z, pause the process
(2) Usage:
Kill – sigkill 10876 # forcibly interrupt the process with PID = 10876 (PID can be found through PS, and sometimes | grep can be added for filtering)
17. Passwd change password
(1) Usage:
Passwd # modifies the password of the current user
18. PWD print work directory: displays the working directory
(1) Usage: PWD
19. Tee} display and save. Displays the content and saves it in a file
(1) Usage:
python3. 6 test. py | tee result. Log # run test Py file to display the compilation and running results and save them as result Log file
20. Reboot restart
(1) Usage:
Reboot # input and restart immediately (remember to save the file)